Архив рубрики: article-1-2021

THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT: MODERN STATE, MODELS AND TYPOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

Arid Ecosystems

Andreeva O.V., Lobkovsky V. A.,  Kust G. S., and Zonn I.S. The Concept of Sustainable Land Management: Modern State, Models and Typology Development // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 3-14. | PDF

The urgent, global issue of sustainable land management (SLM) in Russia is considered based on a review of the state of modern research. However, the concept of sustainable land management and its methodology are at the stage of development. Definitions of the basic terms “object of land management” and “SLM model” have been formulated within the development of a methodology for SLM. In addition, approaches to typology of the land management objects have been formulated; hierarchical land management practices are described based on the concept of land degradation neutrality. Thus, 15 types of land management are divided into four classes: three classes of models characterized by SLM practices and one that involves practices, which cannot be considered sustainable. It is justified that a land degradation neutrality is not always achieved as a result of application of land management practices.

Keywords: sustainable land management, land degradation neutrality, sustainable land management model.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10132

POTENTIAL OF SOIL COVER BIOPRODUCTIVE RESOURCES: USE AND RENEWABLE SOURCES

Arid Ecosystems

Zalibekov Z.G., Mamaev S.A., Biarslanov A.B., Asgerova D.B., Magomedov R.A. POTENTIAL OF SOIL COVER BIOPRODUCTIVE RESOURCES: USE AND RENEWABLE SOURCES // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 15-23. | PDF

Soil resources are identified by regional factors of soil genetic differences. This approach is a multifunctional basis for soil resources accounting on a global, regional and local scale. Regional factors include the areas of functioning soils and their detailing characteristics: the contours’ dimensions, space measure, their quantity, principles of crossing lines and the turnover frequency. The purpose of this work is to identify the potential of bioproductive processes, where inherent potential of soil areas is marked by an unlimited increase in productivity within the existing soil dimensions and geometric outlines. The main difference is an increase of phytomass and photosynthetic activity of plants on a naturally limited area of soils from using the inexhaustible resources of the sun cosmic energy and the physical and geographical environmental processes. Combinations generated by soil properties and their usage lead to formation of renewable sources categories, compensating for the scarcity of new areas allocated for development.

Keywords: soil resources, phytomass, bioproductive potential, diversity, factors, solar energy, thermal energy, climate.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10133

SOIL PROPERTIES AND SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK CHANGES RESULTED FROM DEFORESTATION IN A SEMI-ARID REGION OF ZAGROS FORESTS, IRAN

Arid Ecosystems

Jarideh S., Alvaninezhad S., Gholami P.,  Mirzaei M.R.,  Armin M. SOIL PROPERTIES AND SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK CHANGES RESULTED FROM DEFORESTATION IN A SEMI-ARID REGION OF ZAGROS FORESTS, IRAN // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 24-34. | PDF

Today, population growth and demand for agricultural production have resulted in the significant damage to the natural ecosystem, including forests and rangelands, and have turned them into farmlands. Territorial land use changes can result in changes in chemical and physical features of soils, which in turn, may ultimately lead to land degradation. Understanding the effects of land use changes on soil features is very important as it helps with assessing the sustainability of natural ecosystems. Therefore, in the current study, we sought to compare changes in soil physico-chemical properties, soil deterioration index (SDI), soil erodibility factor (K factor) and the soil organic carbon (SOC) stock in three types of land use, namely: protected forest (PF), natural forest (NF) with common exploitation (overgrazing and fuel wood) and cultivated land (CL) in semi-arid regions in western Iran. Soil samples were randomly collected from 0-30 cm depths (16+18+18 at each land use, respectively; 52 samples in total). The soil texture, pH, exchangeable K, available P, total N, soil organic carbon and SOC stock were measured in soil samples. The findings indicated that in general, overgrazing with the exploitation of trees in the NF and changing the NF to CL caused a significant increase in  sand (by 22.3-90.5%) and bulk density (6.1-9.16%) and a significant decrease in silt (4.34-13.56%), clay (2.36-13.5%) exchangeable K (37.68-50.63%), available P (15.58-27.42%), total N (22.2-55.5%), soil organic carbon (22.3-52.4%) and SOC stock (22.87-52.3%) (P <0.01). The outcomes of multivariate analysis (RDA) indicated that CL correlated with sand, pH and bulk density, and EF correlated with most soil properties. The outcomes of SDI were indicative of a significant reduction in quality of soil (-5.5%) under CL, compared with NF (-21.5%) and EF (0.1%). The highest value of soil erodibility factor (K factor) was observed in the CL (0.260), and the lowest was at the PF (0.214). In general, the findings of this study showed that the exploitation of trees for fuel wood with overgrazing in the NF and after transformation of the NF to the CL caused a significant deterioration in the soil properties in the semi-arid region in western Iran.

Keywords: natural forest, soil erodibility factor, soil organic carbon, soil deterioration index, Zagros forests.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10134

PHYTOMASS AND STOCKS OF CARBON AND NITROGEN IN THE UPLAND OAK GROVES CONTRASTING IN PRODUCTIVITY IN THE SOUTHERN FOREST-STEPPE

Arid Ecosystems

Kaplina N.F.,  Kulakova N.Yu. Phytomass and stocks of carbon and nitrogen in the upland oak groves contrasting in productivity in the southern forest-steppe // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 35-42. | PDF

The current state of upland oak groves of saline and glague-sedge types in the Tellerman forest has been studied. The phytomass of stands is estimated by model trees taking into account the types of their development according to the original classification based on the morphological indicators. The content and stocks of carbon and nitrogen in the phytomass, litter, and soil were determined. It was found that the phytomass of saline and glague-sedge oak stands was 2 and 1.3 times lower, respectively than in similar stands before the period of oak mass drying in the 1970s — early 1980s. The mass of fallen leaves and litter corresponded to previous values due to development of the lower layer of the forest. The studied oak groves differ most of all in their carbon (7 times) and nitrogen – (5 times) stocks in the phytomass and much less in their stocks in the soil – in 1.4 times, the indicators of capacity — (1.4 times), and rate (1.2 times) of the annual biological cycle. The content of carbon, nitrogen, and non-structural carbohydrates in the oak organs in these groves is similar.

Keyword: phytomass, fallen leaves, litter, carbon and nitrogen stocks in ecosystem, capacity, and rate of the annual biological cycle, type of tree development, recovery of productivity of oak forests.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10135

MANIFESTATIONS OF SALINITY AND SOLONETZICITY IN ZONAL SOILS OF MONGOLIAN DRY STEPPES

Arid Ecosystems

Pankova E.I., Yamnova I.A. MANIFESTATIONS OF SALINITY AND SOLONETZICITY IN ZONAL SOILS OF MONGOLIAN DRY STEPPES // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 43-53. | PDF

The taxonomic position of dry-steppe (chestnut) soils mentioned in the books Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of the USSR (1977), Classification and Diagnostics of Soils of Russia (2004), and World Reference Base for Soil Resources (2014) is discussed. Based on the example of the soils of Mongolia, it is shown that the soils of dry steppes that formed on arenic nonsaline parent rocks are normally nonsaline and nonsolonetzic. The soils of Mongolian dry steppes that formed on saline rocks are saline and solonetzic. The soils with profiles that include loamy layers (even those with a predominantly light granulometric composition and formed on nonsaline rocks) normally feature signs of solonetzicity in the loamy horizons.

Keywords: chestnut soils, cryoarid soils, kastanozems, salic and solonetz (natrik) horizons.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10136

SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF THE UNDERGROUND PART OF THE EPHEMERAL-WORMWOOD SEMI-DESERT OF THE KURA-ARAZ LOWLAND IN MODERN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Arid Ecosystems

Ganiyeva S.A., Gurbanov E.A. SEASONAL DYNAMICS OF THE UNDERGROUND PART OF THE EPHEMERAL-WORMWOOD SEMI-DESERT OF THE KURA-ARAZ LOWLAND IN MODERN CLIMATIC CONDITIONS // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 54-61. | PDF

This article discusses the patterns of the dynamics of the underground part of the ephemeral-wormwood semi-desert of the Kura-Araz lowland in conditions of climate change. It was found that regardless of the plant development phase, season of the year and climate change conditions in different years, the ratio of productive and unproductive roots of plants remains at a certain level. The authors of the article determine the objects and methods of research that were conducted by them in different time periods in different climatic conditions. The authors provide figures and data (in tables) illustrating repeated experiments and observations. On the basis of scientifically grounded descriptions, the authors come to the conclusion that with the deepening into the soil, a decrease in the root mass in plant communities occurs with a pronounced regularity.

Keywords: climate change, ephemera, wormwood, root system, underground phytomass, soil.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10137

THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CRYOPHYTE STEPPES’ AND POLSTER COMMUNITIES’ SPECIES WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF STELLARIA PULVINATA GRUB. IN THE MONGOLIAN ALTAI

Arid Ecosystems

Bocharnikov M.V. THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CRYOPHYTE STEPPES’ AND POLSTER COMMUNITIES’ SPECIES WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF STELLARIA PULVINATA GRUB. IN THE MONGOLIAN ALTAI // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 62-73. | PDF

The analysis of the vascular plant species distribution involved in the floristic diversity of high-mountain plant communities with the participation of stitchwort polster (Stellaria pulvinata Grub.) is carried out. These communities form a separate altitudinal belt in the spectrum of arid zonality vegetation type in the central part of the Mongolian Altai (2700-3300 m). The species of cryophyte steppes and polster communities are identified. These include species of the cryo-xerophytic high-mountain conditions (Oxytropis oligantha, O. chionophylla, Saussurea leucophylla, Chamaerhodos altaica, Arenaria meyeri), montane species of the South Siberia and the Central Asia (Festuca kryloviana, Poa altaica), sod grasses represented by typical steppe species with wide distribution (Festuca lenensis, Koeleria cristata). Using modeling of spatial distribution it is shown that the ecological and coenotic optimum of most species is located outside the area of ​​development of cryophyte steppes and polster communities in the region. In according to the identified potential distribution of species coenotically connected with Stellaria pulvinata, the strong relations of the vegetation cover of the Central Mongolian Altai with the mountains of Southern Siberia are identified.

Keywords: cryophyte steppes, cryophyte polster communities, Stellaria pulvinata, high mountain vegetation, Mongolian Altai, spatial distribution modeling.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10138

MEDICINAL PLANTS IN ARID AND SEMIARID BIOMES OF RUSSIA

Arid Ecosystems

Dikareva T.V., Rumyantsev V.Yu., Soldatov M.S., Malkhazova S.M. MEDICINAL PLANTS IN ARID AND SEMIARID BIOMES OF RUSSIA // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 74-85. | PDF

The list of species of medicinal plants in arid and semiarid biomes of Russia is under consideration in the paper. The species diversity of medicinal plants as a whole and species diversity of plants used for curing of several classes of disease are considered. Statistical analysis of correlation between number of medicinal plants species in the regional biomes and climatic indices has been made. The sketch maps have been done and their analysis have been made.  It can be assumed that number of medicinal plants in certain biome is correlated with the total number of species in that biome, meanwhile it is conditioned by geographical position that is linked with annual temperature and precipitation in the region. The closest connection is detected between the number of medicinal plants species and average annual temperatures. Comparatively close connection is detected between number of species and average annual precipitation. Analysis of correlations between medicinal plants number used for several classes of disease and climatic indices showed the analogous picture.

Keywords: medicinal plants, arid and semiarid biomes, climatic indices, correlation analysis.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10139

LEYMUS CHINENSIS (Trin.) Tzvelev) IN THE WESTERN TRANSBAIKALIA: STRUCTURE OF COMMUNITIES, PRODUCTS AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION DURING CLIMATE ARIDIZATION

Arid Ecosystems

Merkusheva M.G., Badmaeva N.K., Boloneva L.N., Lavrentieva I.N. LEYMUS CHINENSIS (Trin.) Tzvelev) IN THE WESTERN TRANSBAIKALIA: STRUCTURE OF COMMUNITIES, PRODUCTS AND BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION DURING CLIMATE ARIDIZATION // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 86-96. | PDF

The phytocenotic characterization of communities with Leymus chinensis growing on different types of soils of the meadow steppe, steppe floodplain, and halophytic meadows of Western Transbaikalia is considered. The botanical composition revealed glycophytes – 28 species, halotolerant glycophytes– 17 and halophytes – 6. It was established that the genus Leymus includes 3 species: Leymus chinensis, L. buriaticus, L. littoralis. The botanical composition of communities with Leymus chinensis of Western Transbaikalia is represented by 51 species, 20 families, and 40 genera. The species composition is represented mainly by the steppe complex with different xerophytic species belonging to the Asian type of range. In the biomorph, the main share falls on rhizome species, and the proportion of young infants is also significant. The similarity between the species composition is in the interval “weak – average”, which is due to the significant participation of families and genera with low species richness. The primary production communities with  Leymus chinensis is 1029–2370 g/m2×year; the aboveground phytomass almost completely forms Leymus chinensis. The biochemical composition, feed value and protein ratio of the edible dry matter are determined by the growing conditions, but on the whole they comply with standard indicators.

Keywords: Leymus chinensis, communities, species diversity, production, biochemical composition, feed value, Western Transbaikalia, climate aridization.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10140

EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF TULIPA LEHMANNIANA MERCKL. COENOTIC POPULATIONS  IN KYZYLKUM DESERT CONDITIONS (UZBEKISTAN)

Arid Ecosystems

Shomurodov H.F., Abduraimov O.S., Adilov B.A. EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF TULIPA LEHMANNIANA MERCKL. COENOTIC POPULATIONS  IN KYZYLKUM DESERT CONDITIONS (UZBEKISTAN) // Arid ecosystems. 2021. V. 27. № 1 (86). P. 97-105. | PDF

Studied coenotic populations of Tulipa lehmanniana Merckl. are normal, complete with the exception of the Tamdy population, where there is no senile fraction. The complex of determining coenotic population features with high coefficients of variation includes the density of individuals, the projective cover, and the width of the bottom leaf. Coenotic populations are  viable, stable, holistic and self-sustaining systems capable of self-renewal, both generative and vegetative way.

Keywords: Tulipa lehmanniana, Liliaceae, Kyzylkum, cenotic population, distribution.

DOI: 10.24411/1993-3916-2021-10141