Архив рубрики: article-2-2023

EXTREME DROUGHT ON THE EAST EUROPEAN PLAIN DURING THE HEAT WAVE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 20th CENTURY: CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALOGUES IN THE MODERN CLIMATE CONDITIONS

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 551.5; 58.032.3

Popova V.V., Bokuchava D.D., Matveeva T.A. EXTREME DROUGHT ON THE EAST EUROPEAN PLAIN DURING THE HEAT WAVE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 20th CENTURY: CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALOGUES IN THE MODERN CLIMATE CONDITIONS // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 3-11. | PDF

The unprecedented annual flow anomalies of the Volga and the Northern Dvina rivers in 1920-1940 are considered in the context of global Early 20th Century Warming (ETCW) and climate extremes of recent decades. The study of hydrological and climatic characteristics reveals that the ETCW period manifested itself on the East European Plain in the long-term drought in 1936-1940, that, according to Palmer drought severity index, has no analogues it terms of intensity and duration in this region. The results of the cross-spectral analysis of the variability of river flow and the North Atlantic Oscillation index, as well as the analysis of empirical orthogonal functions of the surface level atmospheric pressure anomalies indicate the relationship of the hydroclimatic extremes of the period considered with anomalies of the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation and the positive phase of the Atlantic multidecadal Oscillation (AMO).

In terms of intensity, duration and impact on river flow, the dry period from the late 1960s to the mid-1970s, with a maximum of 1972, can be considered as the most similar analogue to the drought of the 1930s. In the spectrum of the annual Volga River runoff, the anomaly of the 1972 manifests itself as the second rate maximum of the runoff variance after the absolute maximum of the 1930s. From the point of view of the atmospheric circulation conditions and links with the positive phase of the AMO, the extreme heat and drought of 2010 can be recognized as an analogue of droughts in the period of the ETSW. At the same time, it is different by the absence of significant consequences for river runoff due to the increase in precipitation of the cold period during the period of modern climate warming.

Keywords: warming of the mid-twentieth century, East European Plain, river runoff, extremes, drought, Palmer index, circulation conditions.

Funding. The study was carried out for the Russian Scientific Foundation project No. 22-27-00495 “Climatic and Circulation Factors of Anomalies of Humidification of Large River Basins of European Russia in the Era of Warming of the Mid-twentieth Century”.

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-3-11

EDN: CAILXD

ON THE QUESTION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE EVAPORATION PROCESS

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 632.125;910.1;531.3

Salugin A.N. ON THE QUESTION OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF THE EVAPORATION PROCESS // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 12-19. | PDF

Mathematical methods for describing the processes of evaporation from the soil surface in the conditions of the southern Russia subarid zone are discussed. The analysis of theoretical works in this field and the results of their practical application are made. Mathematical modeling was used to explain the field observations. Mathematical models of evaporation from the soil surface are divided into two types: physico-mathematical models based on the interaction of water with the soil framework and phenomenological models based on balance ratios. The data on evaporation from the surfaces of light soils were analyzed taking into account the diffusion and film transfer of moisture in the pore space. In the analysis of cumulative evaporation from extended territories, a semi-empirical model was used, linking the intensity of evaporation with precipitation and the hydrophysical state of soil moisture aeration. The theory of capillary movement is in good agreement with the data on evaporation from the surface of open sandy soils. A nonlinear relationship between the evaporation rate and the thickness of the underlying surface and humidity has been revealed. The amount of annual precipitation in the south of Russia and cumulative evaporation are connected by power dependence, indicating the capillary-sorption nature of evaporation.

Keywords: evaporation, porosity, aeration zone, pressure gradient, humidity, capillary radius, mathematical modeling, water regime of soils.

Funding. The work was carried out for the state task No. 122020100450-9 “Development of a New Methodology for Optimal Management of Bio Resources in Agrolandscapes of the Arid Zone of the Russian Federation Using System-dynamic Modeling of Soil-hydrological Processes, a Comprehensive Assessment of the Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Loads on Agrobiological Potential and Forest Conditions”.

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-12-19

EDN: DCKJSF

INFLUENCE OF SOIL-CLIMATE FACTORS ON GROUNDWATER PARAMETERS OF SLOPE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 556.31; 631.432.1

Buzueva A.S., Gubarev D.I., Nesvetaev M.Yu., Kulikova V.A. INFLUENCE OF SOIL-CLIMATE FACTORS ON GROUNDWATER PARAMETERS OF SLOPE AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 20-28. | PDF

The purpose of our research was to establish the influence of soil and climatic factors on the depth of occurrence and the degree of salinization of groundwater in the slope-hollow landscape. The hydrogeological data served as the basis for our research, obtained in 1990-2021 for 6 wells at the research stations of the Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region. The dynamic changes in the groundwater level were analyzed in various relief elements in the wells located on the Elshan-Guselka Plain of Saratov, in the Volga Upland. The analysis specified that there was a general trend towards an increase in the groundwater level, both in the watershed and the slope-hollow relief. The chemical composition of atmospheric precipitation turned out to be the main source of groundwater nutrition. Sulfates (35%) had the largest percentage of the total chemical composition of sediments, while hydrocarbonates had 22%. The main ions that determined the chemical type and degree of mineralization of the studied waters were identified as well. The exceeding average values of the maximum concentration limit was established for sulfates, calcium, magnesium and sodium. The level of water salinity in the watersheds was 27% higher than in the lower part of the slope. According to long-term average data, groundwater, sampled according to relief elements, was saline.

Keywords: climate change, groundwater, chemical composition of groundwater.

Funding. The research was carried out for the state task No. FNWF-2022-0007 “Formation of Principles of Ecosystem Management and Agricultural Production Based on Digitalization and Forecasting of Soil and Climatic Changes”.

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-20-28

EDN: GBXGNB

SEASONAL AND ANNUAL DYNAMICS OF HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS IN THE EASTERN NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF THE ROSTOV REGION IN 1961-2020

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 551.5; 58.032.3

Gudko V.N., Usatov A.V., Azarin K.V. SEASONAL AND ANNUAL DYNAMICS OF HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS IN THE EASTERN NATURAL AND AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF THE ROSTOV REGION IN 1961-2020 // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 29-35. | PDF

Based on the data from the Remontnoye Meteorological S tation located in the Eastern natural agricultural zone of the Rostov Region, the seasonal and annual dynamics of average temperature, precipitation, dynamics of hydrothermal conditions (de Marton aridity index) were estimated for 1961-2020. For each season, there was an increase in the average temperature; the average annual temperature also increased significantly. However, there was a downward trend for precipitation for the summer season. For the rest of the seasons, the dynamics was positive, thus determining the positive trend of annual precipitation. In 75% of cases the annual regime of hydrothermal conditions was moderately and slightly arid. Moderate conditions were dominant in spring (43% of cases), summer (55%) and autumn (47%). Seasonal temperature and precipitation changes during the study period shifted the nature of hydrothermal conditions. In the winter and summer, the hydrothermal conditions tended to shift to the drier ones, while in the spring and autumn they were more humid. In the annual interval, while precipitation was increasing, the hydrothermal conditions changed to the more humid ones. Thus, based on the calculated trends, it can be concluded that in 1961-2020 the Remontnoye weather station was characterized by a humid heat wave.

Keywords: air temperature, precipitation, hydrothermal conditions, de Marton aridity index, Rostov region, humid warming.

Funding. The research was carried for the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the state assignment in the field of scientific activity (No. 0852-2020-0029) “Fundamentals of Agro- and Ecobiotechnologies for the Sustainable Functioning of Natural and Anthropogenic Ecosystems”.

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-29-35

EDN: OSFPEN

ABOUT THE SOIL-GEOGRAPHICAL PHENOMENON OF THE EUROPEAN PART OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 631.48.575

Zalibekov Z.G., Mamaev S.A., Magomedov R.A., Musaev M.A., Musalaeva P.D. ABOUT THE SOIL-GEOGRAPHICAL PHENOMENON OF THE EUROPEAN PART OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 36-44. | PDF

The territory of the European part of the southern territory of Russia includes regions located between 2 continent-forming seas: the Black Sea from the northwest, and the Caspian Sea from the southeast. The Caucasus Mountains stretch between them in a submeridional direction for more than 1.5 thousand km, varying and in relief elements. To the north, within 42-48°N and 38-49°E, there are temperate and subtropical zones of steppes, semi-deserts, deserts, forest and shrub vegetation (Dokuchaev, 1951).

Within the general laws of the doctrine about the natural zones, some ideas were formulated about the generally accepted parallels and meridians, along which systems with increased geodynamic activity stretch. In some continents, the latitudinal mountain zones are clearly confined to 36-60° parallels, covering a wide range of landscape formation and soil cover. It is well known that the atmospheric pressure is at its maximum within 30-40°N, thus called “roaring forties”. From there the string winds blow, transforming into strong storms of catastrophic consequences that affect the development of aridization and desertification.

Keywords: geographical zones, continents, atmospheric pressure, mountain systems, desiccation, xeromorphism, cartographic analysis, change of soil zones, composition of soil cover.

Financing. The work was carried out for the state task of the Institute of Geology of the Dagestan Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Landscape-geochemical Zoning of the Caspian Lowland”, Section 1, No. AAA-A117-117021310199-9 “Development of Methodological Foundations for Studying the Humus State and Soil Salinization for Landscape-Geochemical Zoning of Arid Territories», Topic 3, No. AAAAA17-117021310203-3 “Ecological and Geochemical Features of Underground Waters of the North-Eastern Caucasus (Dagestan). Natural and Anthropogenic Pollution Factors”.

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-36-44

EDN: OZIERA

GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGES OCCURRING IN MODERN CONDITIONS ARE A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE DIRECTION OF RESEARCH ON THE RATIONAL USE OF SOIL RESOURCES

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 631.48.11

Kaziev M-R.A., Imasheva S.N., Teimurov S.A., Balamirzoeva Z.A. GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGES OCCURRING IN MODERN CONDITIONS ARE A DETERMINING FACTOR IN THE DIRECTION OF RESEARCH ON THE RATIONAL USE OF SOIL RESOURCES // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 45-52. | PDF

Modern global climate changes determine the direction of research on the rational use of soil resources. In the southern regions of Russia, including the Republic of Dagestan, agricultural conditions are quite complicated due to climate aridity, progressive aridization and desertification. The ongoing studies show that without taking into account the directions of adaptive changes of the soil cover, the economic efficiency of the developed measures can be damaged. Therefore, the goal of our work was to determine the regional adaptation changes to reduce the negative impacts of droughts, dry winds and dust storms that affect the economics of Dagestan.

Keywords: adaptation measures, regions, climatic changes, vulnerability, soil fertility, restoration of herbage, forage lands, pasture passport.

Financing. The work was carried out for the state task of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Center of the Republic of Dagestan, topic No. 122021800247-5 (FNMN-2022-0010) “Improving the Adaptive Landscape System of Agriculture Based on the Development of New Resource-saving Technologies for Cultivating Crops and Agroecological Assessment of Land. Improvement of the Organizational and Economic Mechanism to Increase the Efficiency of Agricultural Production in the Republic of Dagestan”.

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-45-52

EDN: OEXJJV

SOIL PROPERTIES AND ORGANIC CARBON STOCK OF SOILS UNDER ARID COASTAL ECOSYSTEM OASIS IN SOUTHERN EAST OF TUNISIA

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 504.53

Abdelhakim B.,  Zohra O., Wissem E., Nadhem B. SOIL PROPERTIES AND ORGANIC CARBON STOCK OF SOILS UNDER ARID COASTAL ECOSYSTEM OASIS IN SOUTHERN EAST OF TUNISIA // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 53-66. | PDF

Our knowledge about soil properties and soil organic carbon stock under arid ecosystems is crucial if we are to optimize soil organic carbon sequestration to mitigate climate changes. This study aims at investigating soil properties, soil organic carbon (SOC) pools, and stocks in soil under arid ecosystem oasis. According to Soil samples were randomly collected from 0-5 cm and 0-30 cm depths in 17 sites (34 samples). The bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity EC, calcium carbonate and Gypsum were measured in soil samples. Total SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), SOC associated with the fine mineral fraction concentrations and stocks were also were determined. Results showed that soils under oasis are characterized by high pH and EC values. Similarly we recorded great amount of CaCO3 and gypsum among sites and depths. However bulk density values ranged from 1.23 to 1.30 g×cm-3 and 1.18 to 1.35 g×cm-3 respectively in 0-5 cm and 0-30 cm layer depths. The total SOC concentrations range on average between 8.47 g×kg-1 to 13.25 g×kg-1 and between 9.27 g×kg-1 to 11.06 g×kg-1 in 0-5 cm and in 0-30 cm layers respectively. In all samples the SOCff represents the major organic pools of SOC (>60%). Among sites the SOCs in 0-5 cm layer depth were between 0.4 and 0.8 kg C×m-2 and reach 4 kg C×m-2 (40 t ha-1) in 0-30 cm. The POCs constitute only between 21% and 34%. The correlation matrix established between soil properties shows significant negative correlation (p = 0.05) between POC and EC. However, SOCs are largely positively correlated (p = 0.01) with different SOC pools. It can be said that soils under oasis store relatively high amount of organic carbon. Therefore, this study confirms that arid soils can be considered as a potential sink in North Africa to sequester SOC.

Keywords: organic carbon, gypsiferous soil, arid regions, Tunisia.

Funding. The study was supported by the exploratory grant (STC_TUNGER-006/INTOASES) as part of the bilateral scientific and technological cooperation between the Republic of Tunisia and the Federal Republic of Germany.

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-53-66

EDN: LOEVRN

LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF STOCKS OF LIVING ABOVE-GROUND PHYTOMASS OF STEPPE PHYTOCENOSES AFTER A WILD FIRE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BURTINSKAYA STEPPE OF THE ORENBURG NATURE RESERVE)

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 581.5;58.02

Dusaeva G.Kh., Kalmykova O.G. LONG-TERM DYNAMICS OF STOCKS OF LIVING ABOVE-GROUND PHYTOMASS OF STEPPE PHYTOCENOSES AFTER A WILD FIRE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE BURTINSKAYA STEPPE OF THE ORENBURG NATURE RESERVE) // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 67-76. | PDF

In recent years the area and frequency of wild fires was growing catastrophically in the steppes of the arid regions of the Russian Federation. The fires destroy the above-ground part of phytocenoses, significantly reducing the stocks of above-ground phytomass and productivity of communities, and changing the structure and composition of steppe phytocenoses. The purpose of our work was to study the effect of the pyrogenic factor on the stocks of living above-ground phytomass, and determine the time required for its full recovery. After a wild fire in 2015, 6 monitoring sites were established in the Burtinskaya Steppe of the Orenburg Nature Reserve. Each site included a control (intact) plot and a burned plot. Standard geobotanical methods were used along with mowing to identify the features and dynamics of the stocks of living above-ground phytomass. The studies were carried out in 2015-2020. As a result, we found out that the reserves of phytomass (g/m2) can reach the value of the control communities in the 2nd year of the study. The seasonal dynamics of live phytomass starting from the 3rd to 4th year after burning are mostly affected by the community composition and type instead of the pyrogenic factor. During the entire period of our study, the proportion of live phytomass stocks of burned communities reached the values of control phytocenoses. However, it was always higher than the control values, which indicates incomplete restoration of the structure of the above-ground phytomass of the burnt area.

Keywords: steppe fires, stocks of living above-ground phytomass, seasonal dynamics, year-to-year dynamics, protected areas, revegetation, Orenburg region.

Financing. The work was carried out for the state task of the Steppe Institute of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Problems of Steppe Nature Management in the Conditions of Modern Challenges: Optimization of the Interaction of Natural and Socio-economic Systems” (Project No. GR AAAA-A21-121011190016-1).

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-67-76

EDN: HKXEXJ

STATE OF XYLOSALSOLA CHIWENSIS (POPOV) AKHANI & ROALSON AND SCORZONERA BUNGEI KRASCH. & LIPSCH. CENOPOPULATIONS ON THE USTYURT PLATEAU, UZBEKISTAN

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 581.5 (575.13)

Rakhimovа N.K., Rakhimova T., Shomurodov Kh.F., Sharipova V.K. STATE OF XYLOSALSOLA CHIWENSIS (POPOV) AKHANI & ROALSON AND SCORZONERA BUNGEI KRASCH. & LIPSCH. CENOPOPULATIONS ON THE USTYURT PLATEAU, UZBEKISTAN // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 77-84. | PDF

It is our priority to conduct environmental monitoring, protect rare plant species and conduct studies to assess the state of populations of rare and endangered plants using coenopopulation approaches is a priority, along with the conservation of plant communities with participation of rare species. The aim of our work was to study the ecological and phytocenotic state of rare Xylosalsola chiwensis and Scorzonera bungei coenotic populations in Ustyurt. These species are listed in the Red Data Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan. We provide the characteristics of plant communities with cenopopulations of the studied species. The ontogenetic structure of these species has been studied. The results showed that in the ecological and cenotic conditions of Ustyurt, the studied coenopopulations are normal, but incomplete. The basic ontogenetic spectrum is centered, with a peak of the middle-aged generative plants. The spectra of specific cenopopulations are centered and left-sided due to the ecological habitat conditions and weather fluctuations. With the development of distant pastures and the planning of linear infrastructures, these species must be protected. The results of this study will be used in the next editions of the Red Data Book of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Keywords: Xylosalsola chiwensis, Scorzonera bungei, Aral Sea, Ustyurt plateau, biodiversity, ontogenetic structure, cenopopulation.

Funding. The work was carried out for the project F5-FA-0-13289 “Modern Trends in the Development of Vegetation and Wildlife of Ustyurt in the Process of Desertification” and the state program (PFI-5) “Assessment of the Current State of Vegetation Cover and Pasture Resources of the Republic of Karakalpakstan”.

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-77-84

EDN: ZUUMIF

CONNECTIVITY, MIGRATION ROUTES AND WINTER GROUNDS OF COMMON CRANE IN THE NORTH OF MOSCOW REGION

Arid Ecosystems

UDC 598.241; 574.91

Sviridova T.V., Grinchenko O.S., Wikelski M.C., Ilyashenko E.I. CONNECTIVITY, MIGRATION ROUTES AND WINTER GROUNDS OF COMMON CRANE IN THE NORTH OF MOSCOW REGION // Arid Ecosystems. 2023. Vol. 29. № 2 (95). P. 85-97. | PDF

Results of 3-year tracking of a common crane (Grus grus), breeding in the center of the European Russia and equipped with a GPS-GSM transmitter, allowed us to understand their geographic connectivity, migration routes and key sites of summer range, as well as stopover sites on migration. We learned about flyways and wintering grounds of the bird, identified key and short-term migratory stopovers in arid regions of Ukraine, Turkey, Israel and Ethiopia. The cranes used different wintering sites in different years. We found out that immature cranes of premigratory gathering of the Dubna River, Moscow Region, could also occur in other premigratory gatherings, such as the Smolensk Region. We also registered a fact of successful nesting of a 3-year-old bird.

Keywords: common crane, Dubna premigratory gathering, Hula Valley, migration to arid regions, satellite tagging.

Financing. The study was carried for the Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, state registration No. AAAA-A18-118042690110-1, state task No. 0089-2021-0004, “Ecological and Evolutionary Aspects of Animal Behavior and Communication” (T.V. Sviridova) and state registration No. AAAA-A18-118042490055-7, state task No. 0089-2021-0010, “Fundamental Problems of Wildlife Protection and Rational Use of Bioresources” (E.I. Ilyashenko), as well as of the state assignments of the Institute of Water Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, state task No. 0089-2021-0010, “Fundamental Problems of Wildlife Protection and Rational Use of Biological Resources” and the state tasks No. FMWZ-2022-0002, No. 122041100236-4, “Research of Geoecological Processes in Hydrological Systems of Land, Formation of the Quality of Surface and Groundwater, Problems of Water Resources Management and Water Use under Conditions of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Impacts” (O.S. Grinchenko).

DOI: 10.24412/1993-3916-2023-2-85-97

EDN: PXKRFO